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Chapter Ten: The Muʿtazilah and the Futile Arguments of the Kullābiyyah, Māturīdiyyah and Ashʿariyyah.
Then the Muʿtazilah came along after Jahm and proposed that there are Attributes that can be affirmed through the intellect and reason, intending that the proof invented by Jahm is valid and correct. They considered it to be an intellectual proof, and that the intellectual proof cannot be contested.
The founder of the Muʿtazilah sect and first to speak with its principles was Wāsil Ibn ʿAtā’ al-Ghazāl (d. 131H). They were called the Muʿtazilah (Separationists) because Wāsil Ibn ʿAtā’ was initially a student of al-Imām Hasan al-Basrī (d. 110H), and he opposed Hasan al-Basrī in the issue of the ruling upon the Muslim who commits a major sin. Wāsil innovated the saying that a sinner is in a place between two places (not a Muslim, and neither an Unbeliever). Due to this, he separated himself from the gatherings of knowledge of Hasan al-Basrī who said: ‘Wāṣil has separated (iʿtazala) from us.’ Thereafter, he and his followers were called al-Muʿtazilah. The Muʿtazilah affirmed the Names of Allāh but rejected His Attributes; they held that the Qurʾān is created, and that the people create their own actions. They became a strong movement in the era of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphs: al-Maʾmūn, al-Muʿtaṣim and al-Wāthiq (from 198 to 232H). They encouraged the rulers to establish the Trial (al-Mihnah) to test the people with the innovated saying that the Qurʾān is created—if they affirmed that the Qurʾān was created, they were left alone, and if they said that the Qurʾān was not created, they were imprisoned, beaten, exiled or executed. — Abu Khadeejah Abdul-Wāhid.
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