The Concise, Simple and Straight-forward Explanation of the Tawheed of the Exalted Creator―Authored by the Shaikhul-Islaam Muhammad b. Abdul-Wahhāb.
“Ash-Sharh al-Moojaz al-Mumahhad li Tawheed al-Khāliq al-Mumajjad alladhi allafahu Shaikhul-Islaam Muhammad”
This is an explanation of Kitāb at-Tawheed of Shaikhul-Islam Muhammad b. Abdul-Wahhāb (d. 1206H, rahimahullāh) by ash-Shaikh al-Allāmah Ahmad b. Yahyā an-Najmee (rahimahullaah).
So Shaikhul-Islam Muhammad b. Abdul-Wahhāb (rahimahullāh) said:
Chapter 6: It Is From Shirk to Wear a Ring or String or Something Similar to Remove an Affliction or Repel Harm
Allaah, the Most High, said:
قُلْ أَفَرَأَيْتُم مَّا تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ إِنْ أَرَادَنِيَ اللَّهُ بِضُرٍّ هَلْ هُنَّ كَاشِفَاتُ ضُرِّهِ
Say, “Then have you considered what you invoke besides Allah? If Allah intended me harm, are they removers of His harm?” [az-Zumar 39:38]
أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ رَأَى رَجُلًا فِي يَدِهِ حَلْقَةٌ مِنْ صُفْرٍ فَقَالَ مَا هَذِهِ الْحَلْقَةُ
قَالَ هَذِهِ مِنْ الْوَاهِنَةِ قَالَ انْزِعْهَا فَإِنَّهَا لَا تَزِيدُكَ إِلَّا وَهْنًا
‘Imraan b. Husayn (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) narrated that Allāh’s Messenger (salallāhu ‘alaihi wasallam) saw a man with wearing a brass ring. So he asked him:
“What is this?”
He responded:
“A protection from an illness that weakens.”
So the Messenger (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam) said:
“Remove it, for it will not increase you except in weakness. Indeed if you were to die whilst wearing it, you would never prosper.”
Reported by Ahmad with an acceptable chain of narration. Ibn Hibbaan and al-Hākim authenticated it, and adh-Dhahabee agreed. And similar to this has also been narrated by Abu ‘Āmir Kharāz from al-Hasan.
[Reported by Ahmad in his Musnad, 4/445, no. 20014. Ibn Hibbān in his Saheeh, 13/449, no. 6058, Chapter: ar-Ruqaa. Al-Haakim in al-Mustadrak, 4/216. Ibn Maajah in as-Sunan 2/1167, no. 3531, Chapter: Hanging of Amulets. At-Tabaraanee in al-Mu’jam al-Kabeer 8/67, no. 7700, 18/179, no. 391. Ibn Abee Shaibah, 5/35, no. 23460. Musannaf Abdur-Razzaaq 11/209, no. 20344. Shaikh al-Albaanee (rahimahullāh) graded it as da’eef (weak) in “Ad-Da’eefah”, no. 1029.]
Ahmad also reports from ‘Uqbah b. ‘Aamir that is elevated as a saying of the Prophet (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam):
مَنْ تَعَلَّقَ تَمِيمَةً فَلَا أَتَمَّ اللَّهُ لَهُ، وَمَنْ تَعَلَّقَ وَدَعَةً فَلَا وَدَعَ اللَّهُ لَهُ
“Whoever hangs an amulet (a charm or taweez), may Allaah not fulfil for him what he desires from it. And whoever hangs a sea shell may Allaah not give him ease and tranquillity.”
[Al-Albaanee graded it as da’eef (weak) in “Da’eefah” no. 1266.]
And in another narration, he (salallaahu ‘alaihi wassallam) said:
مَنْ تَعَلَّقَ تَمِيمَةً فقد أشرك
“Whoever hangs an amulet has committed an act of polytheism.”
[Al-Albaanee graded it as saheeh (authentic) in “As-Saheehah” no. 492.]
[Ibn Hibbaan in his Saheeh, 13/450, no. 6086. Al-Haakim in al-Mustadrak, 4/240, no. 7501, and he said, “The hadeeth is Saheeh and it was not collected by Bukhaaree and Muslim.” Adh-Dhahabee said at-Talkhees: Saheeh. Also in al-Mustadrak, 4/463, no. 8289. Reported by al-Bayhaqee in as-Sunan, 9/350, no. 19389. Reported in Sharh Ma’aanee al-Aathaar, 4/325, no. 6660. Imaam Ahmad, 4/154, no. 17440. Al-Haythamee stated in Majma’ az-Zawaa’id, 5/103: The narrators of Ahmad are trustworthy. Reported by Abu Ya’laa in al-Musnad, 3/295, no. 1759. Musnad ash-Shāmiyyeen 1/146, no. 234. At-Tabaraanee in al-Mu’jam al-Kabeer, 7/297, no. 820.]
Ibn Abee Haatim from Hudhayfah (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) that he saw a man with a string around his hand to protect him from fever, so he cut it off, and he recited the statement of Allaah:
وَمَا يُؤْمِنُ أَكْثَرُهُم بِاللَّهِ إِلَّا وَهُم مُّشْرِكُونَ
And most of them believe not in Allah except while they associate others with Him. [Yoosuf 12:106]
[Ibn Katheer mentions this narration in his “Tafseer” (4/342); “An-Nahj as-Sadeed” (p. 57), and he said “Da’eef (weak). It was narrated by Ibn Abee Haatim, and it is mentioned with its chain of narration in “Tafseer al-‘Azeez al-Hameed” from the route of ‘Urwah b. Zubair from Hudhaifah, and it is not known that ‘Urwah heard from Hudhaifah.” Ibn Abee Shaibah also reports it in his “Musannaf” (5/35, no. 23262)]
Important issues in this chapter:
1. A severe forbiddance of wearing a ring, string and so on for these purposes.
[Ibn Uthaimeen: This is due to the saying of the Prophet (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam): “Remove it, for it will not increase you except in weakness. Indeed if you were to die whilst wearing it, you would never prosper.” So this is a strong forbiddance. See Qawlul-Mufeed.]
2. If the Companion had died whilst wearing this amulet, he would not have prospered. In it is a proof for the saying of the Companions that, “Minor Shirk is more grievous than Major Sins.”
[Ibn ‘Uthaimeen: Ibn Mas’ood (radiyallahu ‘anhu) said: “That I should falsely swear by Allaah is more beloved to me than that I should truthfully swear by other than Him.” (Abdur-Razzāq in al-Musannaf 8/469. At-Tabarānee in al-Kabeer, no. 8902. Al-Mundharee stated in at-Targheeb, 3/607, and al-Haythamee in Majma’ az-Zawā’id 4/177: Its narrators are the narrators of the Saheeh.) That is because the Shirk is not forgiven, even if it be Minor Shirk as opposed to the Major Sins which are subject to the Will of Allaah. See Qawlul-Mufeed]
3. That one is not excused due to ignorance.
[Ibn Uthaimeen (summarised): This is questionable because the statement of the Messenger (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam): “Indeed if you were to die whilst wearing it, you would never prosper,” is not clearcut in indicating whether the intent is if he was to die before knowledge reached him. Rather what is apparent, “if you were to die whilst wearing it, you would never prosper,” meaning: After you know the affair and have been commanded to cast the amulet aside. So this affair actually requires some detailed explanation. Ignorance (jahl) is of two types:
Ignorance for which a person is excused, and ignorance for which a person has no excuse. So the one who himself falls short and is neglectful whilst being able to seek knowledge. This one is not excused, regardless of whether it is in an affair of Kufr or sin. And as for the one who is opposite to this, i.e. he is not negligent and does not fall short but he is not capable in seeking knowledge and it does not occur to him that this affair is something forbidden, then such a one is excused. So if he is one who ascribed himself to Islaam, then that ignorance does not harm his Islaam. If he is a disbeliever (not a Muslim), then he is a Kāfir in this world, however, in the Hereafter, his affair is left to Allāh in accordance to the most correct saying of the scholars. He will be tested in the Hereafter, and if he obeys, he will enter Paradise, and if he disobeys, he will enter the Fire. So upon this, the one who was raised in the far off desolate desert areas where there are no scholars and it does not occur to him that such-and-such an affair is forbidden, or such-and-such an affair is an obligation, then such a person is excused.
And there are examples of this. A person who is young and he lives in the far off desert areas, and there is no scholar there with him, and he has not heard anything from knowledge. He thinks that a person is not obligated with acts of worship until he reaches the age of fifteen. So he proceeds, [even though he has attained puberty before fifteen], until he actually reached the age of fifteen without fasting, praying, and without purifying himself from sexual impurity (janābah). This individual is not commanded to make up what he has missed because he is excused for his ignorance which is not connected to any negligence in seeking knowledge and it did not occur to him that it was wrong.
As for the one who lives in the townships and is able to ask, but instead, he is lackadaisical and heedless, then this person is not excused because in the cities, these rulings, in general, are not hidden. And in the cities [of the Muslims] there are found scholars whom he is able to ask with the greatest of ease, so he falls short, so upon such a person is to make up what he has missed and he is not excused for being ignorant.]
4. That these amulets will not bring any benefit in times of urgency, rather they will harm due to the saying of the Prophet (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam): “It will not increase you except in weakness.”
5. A severe rebuke upon the one who wears an amulet.
6. A clear statement that the one who hangs [or wears] an amulet it entrusted to it.
7. A clear declaration that the one who hangs [or wears] an amulet has committed Shirk.
8. That hanging [or tying] a thread as prevention from fever is Shirk.
9. Hudhayfah’s (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) recitation of the verse is a proof that the Companions would utilise the verses that mention Major Shirk as proof also against Minor Shirk just as Ibn ‘Abbaas mentioned concerning the verse in al-Baqarah (2:165).
Ibn Uthaimeen on this point:
[Ibn ‘Uthaimeen: Meaning the saying of Allaah, the Most High,
وَمَا يُؤْمِنُ أَكْثَرُهُم بِاللَّهِ إِلَّا وَهُم مُّشْرِكُونَ
And most of them believe not in Allah except while they associate others with Him. [Yoosuf 12:106]
This verse refers to Major Shirk, however the Companions would utilise these verses also in cases of Minor Shirk, and this is because Minor Shirk is in reality Shirk even though it does not exit the person from the Religion. For reason, we say: Shirk is of two types: Major and Minor.
The statement of Ibn Abbaas is concerning the verse:
His saying, the Most High:
وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَن يَتَّخِذُ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ أَندَادًا يُحِبُّونَهُمْ كَحُبِّ اللَّهِ ۖ
And [yet], among the people are those who take other than Allah as equals [to Him]. They love them as they love Allah. [al-Baqarah: 165]
So he (Ibn Abbās) considered the love that a person has for something that is like the love he has for Allaah as the taking of partners alongside Allaah. See Qawlul-Mufeed]
10. That the hanging a seashell for protection from evil-eye is also from this category (i.e. Shirk).
11. Supplicating against the one who wears an amulet so that Allaah may not fulfil what he desires from it. “And whoever hangs a sea shell may Allaah not give him ease and tranquillity.” Meaning: “May Allaah leave him to it (i.e. to the amulet).”
The Explanation of the Chapter:
Ash-Shaikh al-Allāmah Ahmad b. Yahyaa an-Najmi (rahimahullāh) said:
“Ar-Raf’u” is to seek that a calamity is “lifted” after it occurs. “Ad-daf’u” is to seek that a calamity is “repelled” before it occurs. This is as some of the people believe that there are affairs that repel (or ward off) the evil-eye or Jinn or what is similar to that. This is a dangerous matter. So someone may have built a house, for example, and it is said to him: “If you want that the Jinn do not harm you in your house, then spill blood for the Jinn so that they do not harm you.” So he believes this and spills this blood in his house for the Jinn, even if it be the blood of a small bird or cockerel (or hen), and he spills it to please the Jinn or the people; as occurred amongst a people who lived before us. They had idols, and they were settled upon a path which the people would pass, and they agreed that none would pass by until he has performed an act of worship seeking nearness to their idol. And whoever sought nearness to the idol, even by the sacrifice of a fly, they would let him pass – and if he refused to offer any act of worship to the idol, they would kill him.
Then there passed by them, two men, so one of them conceded and offered his worship, so he was saved from death, but Hellfire was obligated upon him as a recompense for his deed. As for the other person, he was not willing to sacrifice to anything other than Allaah, so they struck his neck and killed him, and he was admitted into Paradise.
So, O servant of Allaah be a Muwahhid, a pure Monotheist and die upon Tawheed so that you may be saved from the punishment of your Lord. Allaah, the Most High, said:
قُلْ أَفَرَأَيْتُم مَّا تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ إِنْ أَرَادَنِيَ اللَّهُ بِضُرٍّ هَلْ هُنَّ كَاشِفَاتُ ضُرِّهِ أَوْ أَرَادَنِي بِرَحْمَةٍ هَلْ هُنَّ مُمْسِكَاتُ رَحْمَتِهِ
Say, “Then have you considered what you invoke besides Allah? If Allah intended me harm, are they removers of His harm; or if He intended me mercy, are they withholders of His mercy?” [Az-Zumar: 38]
The meaning of this verse: Say to them, O Muhammad: “Have you considered?” O polytheists, “what you call upon besides Allaah,” meaning: That which you call upon besides Allaah from the things you worship such as al-Laat, al-‘Uzzaa, and al-Manaat and other than them, “If Allah intended me harm,” meaning harm that afflicts me, then are these gods able to remove it from me?
Answer: These gods they call upon have no ability to remove harm that Allaah intends upon a person. And they are not able to prevent the Mercy that my Lord wishes for me, “or if He intended me mercy, are they withholders of His mercy?” So this is what is understood from this, that these things worshipped besides Allah have no ability, neither in negating an affair nor in establishing an affair. So they are able to prevent the harm that Allah wishes for me, nor are they able to prevent the Mercy that wishes for me. So this verse is informing us of the fact that these gods are all incapable, as in the saying of Allaah (subhānahu wa ta’ālā):
يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ ضُرِبَ مَثَلٌ فَاسْتَمِعُوا لَهُ ۚ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ لَن يَخْلُقُوا ذُبَابًا وَلَوِ اجْتَمَعُوا لَهُ ۖ وَإِن يَسْلُبْهُمُ الذُّبَابُ شَيْئًا لَّا يَسْتَنقِذُوهُ مِنْهُ ۚ ضَعُفَ الطَّالِبُ وَالْمَطْلُوبُ
O people, an example is presented, so listen to it. Indeed, those you invoke besides Allah will never create [as much as] a fly, even if they gathered together for that purpose. And if the fly should steal away from them a [tiny] thing, they could not recover it from him. Weak are the pursuer and pursued. [Al-Hajj: 73]
Then [the author] mentioned the hadeeth of ‘Imran b. Husayn (radiyallāhu ‘anhu):
أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ رَأَى رَجُلًا فِي يَدِهِ حَلْقَةٌ مِنْ صُفْرٍ فَقَالَ مَا هَذِهِ الْحَلْقَةُ
قَالَ هَذِهِ مِنْ الْوَاهِنَةِ قَالَ انْزِعْهَا فَإِنَّهَا لَا تَزِيدُكَ إِلَّا وَهْنًا
Allah’s Messenger (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam) saw a man wearing a brass ring. So he asked him:
“What is this?”
He responded:
“A protection from an illness that weakens.”
So the Messenger (salallāhu ‘alaihi wasallam) said:
“Remove it, for it will not increase you except in weakness. Indeed if you were to die whilst wearing it, you would never prosper.”
This hadeeth encompasses the following: That the one who wears an amulet, then he entrusts himself to that amulet, regardless if it is made from brass, iron, or a thread or a string, or a belt or other than that.
These things do not benefit the ones who wear them whatsoever. The believer trusts in Allaah and relies upon Him, so the believer is connected to His Lord (subhānallāhu wa ta’ālā), without turning to anyone besides Him. And this is the Tawheed without which Allaah does not accept the worship of the servant, whether it be Salaah or Fasting or other than that – these deeds are not accepted except with presence of Tawheed, because it is the foundation and the fundamental principle.
Then [the author] mentioned the hadeeth
from ‘Uqbah b. ‘Aamir that is elevated as a saying of the Prophet (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam):
مَنْ تَعَلَّقَ تَمِيمَةً فَلَا أَتَمَّ اللَّهُ لَهُ، وَمَنْ تَعَلَّقَ وَدَعَةً فَلَا وَدَعَ اللَّهُ لَهُ
Whoever hangs an amulet (a charm), may Allaah not fulfil for him what he desires from it. And whoever hangs a sea shell may Allaah not give him ease and tranquillity.
And there occurs in a wording:
مَنْ تَعَلَّقَ تَمِيمَةً فقد أشرك
Whoever hangs an amulet has committed an act of polytheism.
The narrator is ‘Uqbah b. ‘Aamir b. ‘Amr al-Juhanee (radiyallāhu ‘anhu), a well known and noble Companion. A group of Companions and Taabi’een narrate from him. He is from those who gathered the Qur’ān.
His (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam) saying: “Whoever wears an amulet.” Meaning: That he wears or puts it someone else such as a child or a riding beast whilst his heart is reliant upon it in seeking good or warding off evil, then: “May Allah not fulfil [that need] for him.” Meaning: May Allaah not fulfil for him his objective, a supplication against him in opposition to his objective, and that Allah may not fulfil his affair. The supplication of Allaah’s Messenger (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam) against the one who wears an amulet proves that it is forbidden – and its forbiddance proves that it is from the prohibited acts of polytheism – and that was considered as Shirk. When the heart becomes attached and becomes dependent upon other the Allaah in seeking to attain benefit or repel harm, then the completion of Tawheed will not be attained except if these things are abandoned.
I say: We know from what has preceded that some people hang amulets on themselves or upon their child – and his heart is attached to this amulet believing that it can avert evil and harm. How many people have we seen who are attached to these amulets? And were you to try and remove the amulet from him, he thinks that you throwing him to his death! Some people hang amulets upon their beasts claiming that it will ward off the evil-eye and Jinn. In previous times, the circumcised would carry a blade or knife, and they would claim that this metal which he carries will protect him from the devils! And likewise, the post-natally bleeding would carry a knife (particular knife used in Jaazaan for cutting crop) claiming that it would protect her child from the devils; and some people would hang a eagle’s bone, yet others would hang some part of a hyena; others would wear an eye of a wolf. Upon a handsome camel, they would hang seven twigs of a tree that grows in their regions. Many things that the Shaytaan has invented for the people, so that the hearts become attached and reliant upon these things, believing that they will safeguard a person. Furthermore, seashells, threads and strings are worn for the same purpose. All of it is impermissible for a Muslim to engage in because it is an attachment and reliance upon other than Allaah.
So, in general, whoever wears a thing claiming it will bring about benefit and in itself will ward off evil and harm, then in this case such a person is considered to have committed Major Shirk with Allaah, or at the very least Minor Shirk. For this reason, a person is not free of one of two beliefs: If he believes that his wealth and well-being stops at this object that he is wearing so that if it is cut off and removed from him, he believes that destruction will befall him, then that is considered as Major Shirk. If, however, he believes that the amulet is a reason or a means, alongside affirming that Allaah is The Healer and The Protector, then such a person has fallen into Minor Shirk, and Allaah knows best.
Al-Wada’ is a shell that comes out of the sea. Some of the poor people use these shells for beautification and the children play with them. However, it is considered to be Shirk if the shell is worn believing that it repels the evil-eye or the devils.
As for wearing the shell for the purpose of beautification as it is done by the womenfolk of the mountain areas, then that is not considered to be Shirk, and does not even enter into Shirk.
As for the saying of the Prophet (salallāhu ‘alaihi wassallam) regarding the one who wears an amulet: “May Allaah not give him tranquillity,” this means: Allaah will not leave him be – rather He will hasten his punishment. That is what is apparent from the meaning.
And from Abu Haatim (rahimahullāh) from Hudhaifah (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) that he saw a man with a string around his hand as protection from fever. So Hudhaifah cut it off and recited:
“And most of them believe not in Allah except that they commit Shirk with Him.” [Yoosuf: 106]
The saying “tied to his hand there was a string to protect him from fever.” People in olden times would take a string or thread, recite over it a portion of the Qur’an as a Ruqyah (divine incantation) and tie it – and they may sometimes recite something other than the Qur’an, and then wrap around seven times. They would then say: “This will protect against illness, fever and its likes.” And the people of the past would do such things.
Cutting off the charm or the string or any other amulet without advising the one wearing it and satisfying him that it will not benefit him in the least, nor defend him or protect him from harm, and nor will its wearing bring any benefit is not to be done except by the one in authority.
So the Prophet (salallāhu ‘alaihi wasallam) cast off that ring from the man regardless of whether one is pleased or not because the Prophet (salallāhu ‘alaihi wasallam) was in authority. Likewise, Hudhayfah (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) was the Ameer of those townships in that time. So what occurred from Hudhayfah was due to him being in authority just as the Prophet (salallāhu ‘alaihi wasallam) was in authority and he was a legislator. So it is not permitted to use these two incidents and thus go around cutting amulets from whoever we see wearing them whether the wearer is pleased or not pleased. This is an error. Rather the preventing of evil with the hand is for those in authority, or for a man in authority over his household. As for other than physical prevention, then it is prescribed for a person to forbid such evil by guiding and directing and sufficing with proofs. And if the wearer is satisfied then the amulet should be cut off, otherwise no. And cutting off amulets by a person without the authority of the ruler could lead to dissension. So the Lawmaker (Allaah) specified that the forbidding of evil with ones hand physically is for the ruler or the one he has appointed or the one in charge of his household.
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